01
Research focus
Name a base text and witnesses with reasons. Align passages rather than modern pages and record additions, omissions, substitutions and inversions.
02
Procedure and example
Separate likely graphical errors from variants that change computation. A later witness is not automatically worse at every reading.
03
Output and review
Deliver a traceable apparatus and reasons for choices; retain unresolved alternatives instead of silently regularizing them.
Resources and methodological references
The procedures and exercises are editorial teaching suggestions. These resources provide textual, collection or open-research access; links imply no affiliation or endorsement.
Chinese Text Project · Introduction ↗
Resource information for text search and locating words and editions.
International Dunhuang Programme ↗
Manuscript collections, images and catalogue access.
Editorial study material · 2026-09-28