01
Research focus
Define the observation unit and denominator. Repeated records, repeated interpretations and multiple outcomes are not automatically independent.
02
Procedure and example
Choose a defensible baseline before examining results, such as a fixed rule or judgment with equal information. Small samples support exercises, not stable probability promises.
03
Output and review
Deliver counts, missingness, baseline and uncertainty. Formal inference should be designed and reviewed by appropriately trained researchers.
Resources and methodological references
The procedures and exercises are editorial teaching suggestions. These resources provide textual, collection or open-research access; links imply no affiliation or endorsement.
Chinese Text Project · Introduction ↗
Resource information for text search and locating words and editions.
International Dunhuang Programme ↗
Manuscript collections, images and catalogue access.
Editorial study material · 2026-09-28